What is the best stuff to feed deer?

Table of Contents

The absolute best stuff to feed deer is a carefully considered diet that supplements their natural foraging habits, providing essential nutrients, especially during periods of scarcity, focusing on foods like corn, oats, and specialized deer feed, all offered responsibly.

Introduction: Understanding Deer Nutrition

The question of What is the best stuff to feed deer? is a complex one, steeped in ecological considerations, ethical implications, and practical limitations. Feeding deer, whether to attract them for observation or to support their populations, is a practice with both potential benefits and significant risks. Before scattering a bag of corn, it’s critical to understand what deer need to thrive and the potential consequences of altering their natural foraging patterns. Deer are ruminants, meaning they have a multi-compartment stomach designed to digest tough plant matter. Their dietary needs change seasonally, reflecting the availability of different food sources and the demands of reproduction and growth.

Seasonal Dietary Needs of Deer

Deer dietary needs are not constant throughout the year. Understanding these variations is key to providing appropriate supplemental feed.

Spring: Lush vegetation provides energy and nutrients for antler growth in bucks and lactation in does.
Summer: Deer continue to consume a variety of forbs, grasses, and browse (leaves and twigs).
Fall: Hard mast (acorns, beechnuts) becomes a primary food source, preparing deer for winter.
Winter: Food is scarce. Deer rely on stored fat reserves and browse on woody vegetation. This is when supplemental feeding is most crucial, but also when it can do the most harm if done incorrectly.

Top Choices for Supplemental Deer Feeding

While natural forage should always be the foundation of a deer’s diet, supplemental feeding can be beneficial under specific circumstances. Here are some of the most effective options:

Corn: A high-energy source, especially important during the winter months. However, corn is low in protein and can cause digestive issues if introduced too quickly or fed exclusively. It’s best used as a supplement, not a staple.
Oats: A good source of fiber and carbohydrates, making it a more digestible option than corn.
Soybeans: A high-protein food that supports antler growth and milk production. Roasting soybeans improves their digestibility.
Specialized Deer Feed: Formulated to provide a balanced blend of nutrients, including protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. This is often the best option, as it is designed to meet the specific needs of deer. Always choose a reputable brand.
Alfalfa: A highly palatable and nutritious forage crop that can be offered as hay or pellets.

Understanding the Risks of Supplemental Feeding

Despite the potential benefits, supplemental deer feeding carries inherent risks:

Over-reliance: Deer may become dependent on supplemental feed and neglect natural food sources.
Digestive Issues: Sudden changes in diet can disrupt the rumen’s microbial balance, leading to acidosis (grain overload) or other digestive problems.
Disease Transmission: Concentrating deer at feeding sites increases the risk of spreading diseases like Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD).
Increased Predation: Feeding sites can attract predators.
Altered Behavior: Artificial feeding can alter natural migration patterns and social hierarchies.
Nutritional Imbalances: Feeding a diet that is deficient in essential nutrients can lead to health problems.

Best Practices for Responsible Deer Feeding

If you choose to feed deer, adhere to these best practices to minimize risks and maximize benefits:

Start Small: Introduce supplemental feed gradually to allow deer to adjust.
Offer a Variety: Provide a balanced mix of foods, rather than relying on a single source.
Provide Clean Water: Ensure access to fresh, clean water at all times.
Maintain Hygiene: Clean feeding sites regularly to prevent the spread of disease.
Monitor Deer Health: Observe deer for signs of illness or distress.
Consider Regulations: Check local regulations regarding deer feeding.
Stop Feeding When Natural Forage is Abundant: Gradually reduce supplemental feeding as natural food sources become available.

Understanding Antler Growth

Antler growth is a crucial factor in the health and reproductive success of male deer (bucks). Protein and mineral intake plays a critical role in antler development. During the antler-growing season (typically spring and summer), bucks require a diet rich in protein, calcium, and phosphorus. Supplemental feeding with soybeans or specialized deer feed can help support optimal antler growth.

Alternatives to Direct Feeding

If you’re hesitant about direct feeding, consider these alternatives for supporting deer populations:

Habitat Improvement: Enhance natural food sources by planting native grasses, forbs, and shrubs.
Forest Management: Promote forest regeneration to provide browse and cover.
Water Source Creation: Develop or maintain water sources, especially in arid regions.
Mineral Licks: Provide mineral licks containing essential minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and salt.

Comparison of Common Deer Feeds

Feed Type	Protein Content	Digestibility	Cost	Pros	Cons
—————–	—————	————-	———	——————————————————————————	——————————————————————————————–
Corn	Low	Moderate	Low	High energy, readily available	Low protein, can cause acidosis if overfed
Oats	Moderate	High	Moderate	Good source of fiber and carbohydrates, more digestible than corn	Lower energy content than corn
Soybeans	High	Moderate-High	Moderate-High	High protein, supports antler growth	Can cause digestive issues if not roasted; prone to spoilage
Deer Feed	Varies	Varies	High	Balanced nutrition, formulated for deer; minimizes risk of nutrient deficiencies	More expensive; ensure quality of brand
Alfalfa	High	High	Moderate	Highly palatable, nutritious, good source of fiber	Can be difficult to store and manage; can cause bloating if consumed in excessive quantities

Common Mistakes in Deer Feeding

Feeding too much corn.
Introducing feed too quickly.
Not providing clean water.
Ignoring local regulations.
Failing to monitor deer health.
Creating unsanitary feeding conditions.
Feeding during the wrong time of year.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the best time of year to feed deer?

The best time to feed deer is during periods of natural food scarcity, typically during the late winter and early spring when natural forage is limited. Avoid over-feeding during periods of abundance.

How much should I feed deer?

The amount of feed depends on the number of deer, the availability of natural forage, and the type of feed. Start with small amounts and gradually increase as needed, being careful not to overfeed. Observe the deer’s body condition to gauge their nutritional needs.

Is it okay to feed deer bread?

No, bread is not a good option for deer. It offers little nutritional value and can cause digestive problems. Deer require a diet rich in fiber and complex carbohydrates.

Can I feed deer apples?

Apples can be offered in small quantities as a treat, but they should not be a primary food source. They are high in sugar and can contribute to digestive upset.

What is the best way to prevent deer from becoming dependent on supplemental feed?

Gradually reduce supplemental feeding as natural forage becomes available in the spring. This encourages deer to resume their natural foraging habits.

How can I prevent the spread of disease at feeding sites?

Clean feeding sites regularly to remove uneaten food and droppings. Provide multiple feeding stations to reduce crowding. Consider using elevated feeders to prevent contamination.

What are the signs of a healthy deer?

A healthy deer has a sleek coat, bright eyes, and is alert and active. They should not appear thin or emaciated. Buck’s antlers should be well developed for their age.

What should I do if I find a sick or injured deer?

Contact your local wildlife agency or a licensed wildlife rehabilitator for assistance. Do not attempt to handle the deer yourself.

Are mineral licks a good way to supplement deer nutrition?

Yes, mineral licks can provide essential minerals that are often lacking in natural forage. Choose a mineral lick that is specifically formulated for deer.

Can I use food plots to provide food for deer?

Yes, food plots can be an excellent way to provide supplemental forage. Plant a variety of species that are palatable and nutritious to deer.

What are some native plants that deer like to eat?

Deer enjoy a wide variety of native plants, including oak trees (acorns), sumac, blackberry, clover, and native grasses.

Are there any regulations regarding deer feeding in my area?

Yes, many states and local jurisdictions have regulations regarding deer feeding. Check with your local wildlife agency to learn about the regulations in your area. It’s your responsibility to know and follow the law.