How to Install a Wood Burning Stove in a Fireplace? A Definitive Guide

Installing a wood burning stove within an existing fireplace is a cost-effective and efficient way to heat your home, but it requires careful planning and adherence to safety regulations. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the process, from assessing your fireplace to final installation.

Understanding the Viability: Can Your Fireplace Handle a Stove?

Before you even consider purchasing a stove, determining if your fireplace is a suitable candidate is paramount. Not all fireplaces are created equal, and some may lack the structural integrity or venting capacity necessary to safely accommodate a wood burning stove. A professional chimney sweep can perform an inspection to assess the fireplace and chimney’s condition, ensuring they meet local codes and standards for stove installation. Proper assessment is crucial for safety and preventing potential hazards like chimney fires and carbon monoxide poisoning.

Step-by-Step Installation Process

1. Gathering Necessary Permits and Information

• Local Building Codes: Contact your local building department before starting any work. Understand permit requirements, setback distances from combustible materials, and chimney height regulations. Failure to comply can result in fines and forced removal of the stove.
• Stove Manufacturer’s Instructions: Every stove is different. Refer to the manufacturer’s installation manual for specific instructions tailored to your chosen model. This document is your bible for a safe and compliant installation.
• Insurance Considerations: Notify your homeowner’s insurance provider of the planned installation. They may have specific requirements for coverage regarding wood burning appliances.

2. Preparing the Fireplace and Chimney

• Cleaning the Fireplace: Thoroughly clean the fireplace of all debris, soot, and creosote. A professional chimney sweep can ensure a pristine surface for installation.
• Inspecting the Chimney: Examine the chimney for cracks, loose bricks, or any signs of deterioration. A failing chimney is a fire hazard and needs immediate repair. Consider a professional chimney inspection.
• Installing a Chimney Liner (Highly Recommended): A stainless steel chimney liner is almost always necessary. It provides a consistent flue size, resists corrosion from acidic combustion byproducts, and helps prevent chimney fires. The liner should be sized appropriately for your stove, as specified by the manufacturer. This is arguably the most crucial step for safety and efficiency.

3. Placing and Securing the Stove

• Hearth Requirements: Ensure your hearth meets the required minimum dimensions for non-combustible protection. Consult both local codes and the stove manufacturer’s specifications. The hearth must extend beyond the stove’s footprint to adequately protect the surrounding floor.
• Clearances to Combustibles: Maintain the minimum clearances to combustible materials (walls, mantels, etc.) as specified by the stove manufacturer and local building codes. Using heat shields can reduce these clearances.
• Securing the Stove: Properly position the stove within the fireplace opening, ensuring it sits level and is stable. You may need shims to level the stove.

4. Connecting the Stove to the Chimney Liner

• Smoke Pipe Connection: Connect the stove’s flue collar to the chimney liner using appropriately sized and rated smoke pipe. Use three sheet metal screws at each joint to secure the connection. All joints should be airtight to prevent smoke leakage into the room.
• Sealing the Smoke Chamber: Seal the smoke chamber above the stove to prevent drafts and ensure all combustion gases are directed into the chimney liner. This can be done with a block-off plate or by filling the space with vermiculite insulation.
• Damper Closure: If your fireplace has a damper, ensure it is permanently sealed or removed to prevent backdrafting.

5. Testing and Initial Burn

• Smoke Test: After installation, perform a smoke test to verify proper draft. Light a small fire with newspaper and observe the smoke flow. It should rise cleanly through the chimney. If smoke enters the room, there may be a draft issue that needs addressing.
• Curing the Stove: Follow the stove manufacturer’s instructions for the initial burn-in period. This typically involves a series of small fires to cure the paint and firebrick.
• Carbon Monoxide Detectors: Install carbon monoxide detectors on every level of your home, especially near sleeping areas. This is non-negotiable for safety.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. How much does it cost to install a wood burning stove in a fireplace?

The cost varies widely, ranging from $2,000 to $6,000 or more. Factors affecting cost include the stove’s price, chimney liner installation, fireplace repairs, permits, and professional labor.

2. Do I need a permit to install a wood burning stove?

Yes, in most jurisdictions, a building permit is required for wood burning stove installation. Contact your local building department for specific requirements.

3. What type of chimney liner should I use?

A stainless steel chimney liner is highly recommended for its durability, corrosion resistance, and suitability for wood burning appliances. It is available in rigid and flexible options.

4. How do I determine the correct size chimney liner for my stove?

Consult the stove manufacturer’s installation manual for the recommended flue size. A professional chimney sweep can also assist in determining the appropriate liner size.

5. What is the proper clearance to combustibles for a wood burning stove?

Clearances vary depending on the stove model and local codes. Refer to the manufacturer’s instructions and your local building department for specific requirements. Heat shields can reduce these clearances.

6. Can I install a wood burning stove myself?

While possible, DIY installation is not recommended unless you have extensive experience with plumbing, construction, and code compliance. A professional installer ensures a safe and compliant installation.

7. How often should I clean my chimney?

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) recommends annual chimney inspections and cleaning when necessary. Frequent use of the stove may require more frequent cleaning.

8. What type of wood should I burn in my stove?

Burn seasoned hardwood, such as oak, maple, or birch. Avoid burning softwoods, treated wood, or wet wood, as these produce more creosote and can lead to chimney fires. Seasoned wood is crucial for efficient burning and reduced creosote buildup.

9. What is creosote, and why is it dangerous?

Creosote is a flammable byproduct of incomplete combustion that accumulates in the chimney. It can ignite and cause a chimney fire.

10. How do I prevent chimney fires?

Regular chimney cleaning, burning seasoned wood, and ensuring proper air supply to the stove are crucial for preventing chimney fires.

11. What are the signs of a carbon monoxide leak?

Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and confusion. Install carbon monoxide detectors and ensure proper ventilation.

12. What is a block-off plate, and why is it used?

A block-off plate seals the smoke chamber above the stove to prevent drafts and ensure all combustion gases are directed into the chimney liner. It improves stove efficiency and reduces the risk of backdrafting.

Conclusion

Installing a wood burning stove in your fireplace can be a rewarding home improvement project, providing efficient and cost-effective heating. However, meticulous planning, adherence to safety regulations, and, ideally, professional installation are essential. By following this guide and consulting with qualified professionals, you can safely and efficiently enjoy the warmth and ambiance of a wood burning stove. Prioritize safety above all else.