Can Real Ivory Break? The Fragility of a Prized Material
Yes, real ivory can break. While renowned for its density and beauty, ivory is a relatively brittle material that can fracture, chip, or crack under stress, impact, or adverse environmental conditions.
Introduction: The Allure and Vulnerability of Ivory
Ivory, primarily sourced from elephant tusks, walrus tusks, and other animals, has been treasured for centuries for its smooth texture, creamy color, and ability to be intricately carved. It has been used in everything from jewelry and piano keys to sculptures and ornamental objects. However, the inherent composition of ivory makes it susceptible to damage. Understanding the factors that contribute to its fragility is crucial for collectors, restorers, and anyone handling ivory artifacts.
The Composition of Ivory: Understanding Its Nature
Ivory is primarily composed of dentin, a complex organic matrix reinforced with mineral crystals. While dense, this structure is not invulnerable. The following factors contribute to ivory’s susceptibility to breakage:
- Organic Composition: The organic components of ivory are sensitive to environmental changes, particularly humidity and temperature fluctuations. These changes can cause expansion and contraction, leading to cracks.
- Natural Growth Patterns: Ivory exhibits growth rings and other internal structures that can create lines of weakness.
- Porosity: Ivory is slightly porous, allowing it to absorb moisture and other substances that can degrade the material over time.
- Brittleness: Compared to materials like bone or certain types of wood, ivory is considered brittle, meaning it is prone to fracture under stress.
Factors Contributing to Ivory Breakage
Several factors can cause real ivory to break or become damaged. These include:
- Impact: A sharp blow or fall can easily chip or fracture ivory.
- Environmental Factors:
- Humidity Fluctuations: Cycles of high and low humidity cause expansion and contraction, leading to stress cracks.
- Temperature Extremes: High temperatures can dry out ivory, making it more brittle.
- Sunlight Exposure: Prolonged exposure to sunlight can cause discoloration and weaken the material.
- Improper Handling: Rough handling or using abrasive cleaning agents can damage the surface of ivory.
- Age: As ivory ages, it can become more brittle and susceptible to damage.
- Infestation: Certain insects are known to damage ivory.
Preventing Ivory Breakage: Preservation Strategies
Protecting ivory objects requires careful attention to their environment and handling. Here are some preventative measures:
- Maintain Stable Humidity: Store ivory objects in a climate-controlled environment with stable humidity levels (ideally around 45-55%).
- Avoid Direct Sunlight: Keep ivory away from direct sunlight.
- Gentle Handling: Always handle ivory objects with clean, dry hands.
- Proper Storage: Store ivory objects in padded containers to prevent impact damage.
- Professional Cleaning: Consult a professional conservator for cleaning and restoration. Avoid using household cleaners.
- Monitor for Pests: Regularly inspect ivory objects for signs of insect infestation.
Repairing Broken Ivory: Restoration Techniques
Repairing broken ivory is a delicate process that should be undertaken by a qualified conservator. Common restoration techniques include:
- Adhesive Repair: Using specialized adhesives to rejoin broken pieces.
- Filling Losses: Filling missing areas with compatible materials, such as epoxy resins or ivory dust mixed with adhesive.
- Inpainting: Carefully coloring the repaired areas to match the original ivory.
Ethical Considerations and the Ivory Trade
The international trade in ivory is heavily regulated due to the devastating impact on elephant populations. It is crucial to be aware of the legal and ethical implications of buying, selling, or owning ivory objects. Support sustainable conservation efforts and ensure that any ivory you possess has been legally obtained and is properly documented.
| Aspect | Legal Ivory | Illegal Ivory |
|---|---|---|
| —————- | —————————————————————- | —————————————————————- |
| Source | Pre-ban ivory, antique ivory, or ivory from sustainable sources | Recently poached ivory, ivory obtained in violation of regulations |
| Documentation | Requires proper documentation and permits | Lacks proper documentation and is often smuggled |
| Ethical Concerns | Minimal, if legally obtained and supports conservation | Highly unethical due to its contribution to elephant poaching |
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
How can I tell if my ivory object is real?
Real ivory typically exhibits Schreger lines, which are cross-hatch patterns visible under magnification. Another indicator is the presence of a creamy, slightly translucent appearance. However, expert authentication is recommended to differentiate ivory from convincing imitations. Look for a qualified appraiser.
What is the best way to clean an ivory object?
Use a soft, dry cloth to gently dust the surface. Avoid using water, soap, or any abrasive cleaners. For stubborn dirt, consult a professional conservator. Never soak ivory in water.
Can ivory be restored if it is badly damaged?
The extent to which damaged ivory can be restored depends on the severity of the damage. A skilled conservator can often repair cracks, chips, and even fill in missing areas. Professional conservation is essential.
Is it legal to own ivory?
The legality of owning ivory varies depending on your location and the age and origin of the ivory. Many countries have strict regulations on the sale and trade of ivory to protect endangered species. Always check local laws.
What is vegetable ivory?
Vegetable ivory is a natural material derived from the tagua palm, a South American tree. It resembles animal ivory in appearance and can be used as a substitute. It is a sustainable alternative.
Does ivory yellow over time?
Yes, ivory naturally yellows over time due to exposure to light and air. This process is known as patination and can be slowed down by keeping ivory objects away from direct sunlight. The yellowing is a natural process.
Can I insure my ivory collection?
Yes, it is possible to insure your ivory collection. However, you will need to have the objects appraised and provide documentation of their ownership and value. Consult with an insurance specialist.
What is the best humidity level for storing ivory?
The ideal humidity level for storing ivory is between 45% and 55%. Maintaining stable humidity is crucial to prevent cracking and warping. Consistent humidity is key.
Are there any insects that damage ivory?
Yes, certain insects, such as dermestid beetles, can damage ivory. Regularly inspect your ivory objects for signs of infestation. Prompt action is needed if detected.
Can I polish ivory to restore its shine?
It is generally not recommended to polish ivory yourself, as you could easily damage the surface. If you want to restore the shine, consult a professional conservator. Professional polishing is advisable.
What is Schreger lines and why are they important?
Schreger lines are cross-hatch patterns visible in the end-grain of elephant ivory. They are a key identifying feature that helps distinguish real ivory from imitations. They are like fingerprints for ivory.
Is all ivory from elephants?
No, ivory can also come from other animals such as walruses, narwhals, and hippopotamuses. Each type of ivory has its own unique characteristics. There are different sources of ivory.