What are the signs of a horse about to give birth?

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Knowing what are the signs of a horse about to give birth is crucial for ensuring a smooth foaling process; these signs range from physical changes like udder development and relaxation of pelvic ligaments, to behavioral shifts like increased restlessness and isolation. Recognizing these indicators allows for timely intervention and minimizes complications.

Understanding the Foaling Process

Bringing a foal into the world is a natural but delicate process. For horse owners, being able to accurately predict and prepare for foaling is essential for the mare’s and foal’s health and safety. What are the signs of a horse about to give birth? Recognizing these signs can mean the difference between a smooth delivery and a life-threatening emergency. This guide will delve into the key indicators, providing valuable insight and practical advice for every stage of the process.

Physical Changes: The Obvious Clues

Several physical changes indicate a mare is approaching foaling. These changes can be observed over weeks, days, and even hours leading up to birth.

Udder Development: This is one of the most reliable indicators. The udder will begin to enlarge, typically starting a month to six weeks before foaling.
- Filling: The udder will gradually fill with colostrum.
- Waxing: “Waxing” refers to the appearance of dried colostrum at the tips of the teats. This usually occurs within 24-48 hours of foaling, but can sometimes happen sooner or even a few days before. This is not a foolproof sign as some mares will wax and then reabsorb the wax.
Pelvic Ligament Relaxation: As foaling nears, the ligaments around the tailhead will relax and become noticeably softer. This softening is a result of hormonal changes and allows for easier passage of the foal. This can be difficult to assess unless you are very familiar with the mare.
Vulvar Swelling: The vulva will often swell and elongate in the days leading up to foaling.
Muscle Changes: The muscles of the abdomen often change shape as the foal “drops” into position.

Behavioral Changes: Subtle Shifts

Alongside physical signs, behavioral changes can also signal impending labor. These changes can be subtle, so careful observation is key.

Restlessness and Isolation: The mare may become restless, pacing her stall and exhibiting signs of discomfort. She may also separate herself from the herd, seeking solitude.
Nesting Behavior: Some mares exhibit nesting behavior, pawing at the ground and making a “bed” for themselves.
Increased Tail Switching and Urination: These are both indications that the mare is experiencing contractions.
Colic-Like Symptoms: Some mares display signs similar to colic, such as looking at their flank, lying down and getting up frequently, and sweating.

Stages of Labor: A Timeline

Understanding the stages of labor will help you recognize when intervention is necessary.

Stage 1 (Preparatory Stage): This stage can last from 30 minutes to several hours. The mare may show signs of restlessness, sweating, and mild contractions. The foal is positioning itself for birth.
Stage 2 (Expulsion): This is the stage of active labor, beginning with the rupture of the chorioallantoic membrane (water breaking) and ending with the foal’s delivery. This stage should not last longer than 30 minutes.
Stage 3 (Placental Expulsion): This stage involves the expulsion of the placenta. It should occur within 3 hours of the foal’s birth. Retained placenta can lead to serious complications like metritis (uterine infection).

Monitoring and Preparation

Continuous monitoring is crucial in the days and weeks leading up to foaling. Several tools can help:

Foaling Alarms: These devices alert you when the mare lies down or starts showing signs of labor.
Video Monitoring: Setting up a camera in the stall allows you to observe the mare without disturbing her.
Daily Checks: Regularly check the mare’s udder development, vulvar swelling, and pelvic ligament relaxation.

Feature	Description	Timing
—————-	————————————————————————————————————————————–	——————————
Udder Development	Gradual enlargement of the udder with colostrum.	Weeks to months before foaling
Waxing	Appearance of dried colostrum on teats.	24-48 hours before foaling
Ligament Relaxation	Softening of the ligaments around the tailhead.	Days to hours before foaling
Restlessness	Pacing, sweating, and isolation from the herd.	Hours before foaling
Water Breaking	Rupture of the chorioallantoic membrane.	Start of Stage 2 labor

When to Call the Vet

Knowing when to intervene and call a veterinarian is critical. Seek immediate veterinary assistance if:

Stage 2 labor lasts longer than 30 minutes.
The foal is presented abnormally (e.g., backwards).
The mare is in obvious distress or experiencing complications.
The placenta is not passed within 3 hours.
The foal is not standing and nursing within a few hours of birth.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Interfering too early: Allow the mare to progress through the first stage of labor without undue interference.
Not having a foaling kit ready: Prepare a kit with essential supplies, including antiseptic solution for the foal’s umbilical cord, enema, and clean towels.
Ignoring signs of distress: Do not hesitate to call the vet if you observe any abnormalities or complications.
Prematurely assisting during foaling: Unless there’s a clear indication of dystocia, allow the mare’s natural expulsive efforts to progress.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How accurate is “waxing” as a sign of impending foaling?

Waxing can be a reliable sign that foaling is imminent, but it’s not always definitive. Some mares will wax several days before foaling, while others may not wax at all. It’s best to consider waxing in conjunction with other signs, such as udder development and ligament relaxation. Some mares even wax, then reabsorb the wax.

My mare’s udder filled up weeks ago. Does this mean she will foal early?

Not necessarily. Some mares simply develop their udders earlier than others. Monitor for other signs like pelvic ligament relaxation and behavioral changes to get a more accurate picture.

How long does Stage 1 of labor usually last?

Stage 1 of labor can last anywhere from 30 minutes to several hours. During this stage, the mare’s cervix is dilating, and the foal is positioning itself for birth. The mare may exhibit signs of restlessness, sweating, and mild contractions.

What does it mean if I see the amniotic sac (“water”) but no progress after 30 minutes?

This indicates a potential problem, such as dystocia (difficult birth). You should contact your veterinarian immediately. Prolonged labor can lead to serious complications for both the mare and foal.

Should I help pull the foal out?

Generally, you should only assist if the mare is struggling or if the foal is in an abnormal position. If you do assist, pull downward and in sync with the mare’s contractions. If you are unsure, call your veterinarian for guidance.

How soon should a foal stand and nurse after birth?

Ideally, a foal should stand within 1-2 hours and nurse within 2-3 hours of birth. If the foal is struggling to stand or nurse, seek veterinary assistance. The colostrum is crucial for the foal’s immunity.

What is colostrum, and why is it so important?

Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mare and is rich in antibodies. It provides the foal with passive immunity, protecting it from infections during the first few weeks of life. The foal must ingest colostrum within the first 12-24 hours of life to effectively absorb the antibodies.

What if my mare doesn’t have enough colostrum?

If the mare has insufficient colostrum, a colostrum supplement can be given to the foal. Your veterinarian can advise you on the best course of action.

How long should the placenta take to pass after foaling?

The placenta should be passed within 3 hours of the foal’s birth. If it is retained longer than this, it’s considered a retained placenta and can lead to serious complications like metritis. Call your veterinarian immediately.

What should I do with the umbilical cord after the foal is born?

Dip the umbilical cord in an antiseptic solution, such as dilute chlorhexidine, immediately after birth. This helps prevent infection.

Are there any breeds that are more prone to foaling difficulties?

While foaling difficulties can occur in any breed, some breeds, such as miniature horses and draft horses, may be more prone to dystocia due to foal size or conformation.

What can I do to prepare my mare for foaling?

Ensure your mare is in good health, has been properly vaccinated and dewormed, and is fed a balanced diet. Provide a clean, safe, and spacious foaling environment. Have a foaling kit ready and know when to call your veterinarian. Understanding what are the signs of a horse about to give birth is your most important preparation.