How Many Shipwrecks in Lake Superior? A Deep Dive into the Graveyard of the Great Lakes
The exact number remains elusive, but estimates suggest Lake Superior claims over 300 shipwrecks, a testament to its fierce storms, unpredictable currents, and vital role in maritime history. These wrecks, resting silently on the lakebed, are more than just rusted metal; they are time capsules, preserving stories of courage, tragedy, and the relentless spirit of those who sailed the Great Lakes.
The Unforgiving Nature of Gitche Gumee
Lake Superior, known to the Ojibwe people as Gitche Gumee (“great water”), lives up to its name. Its vast expanse, coupled with its volatile weather patterns, makes it a treacherous body of water, even with modern navigational technology. The lake’s sudden and violent storms, capable of generating massive waves and blinding snow squalls, have been the downfall of countless vessels throughout history. The sheer size of the lake means that weather systems can develop and intensify rapidly, leaving mariners with little warning. Furthermore, the cold water temperatures pose a significant threat to survivors, dramatically reducing survival time in the event of a shipwreck.
Identifying and Mapping the Lost
Pinpointing the precise number of shipwrecks is an ongoing challenge. Several factors contribute to the difficulty in achieving a definitive count.
The Vastness of the Search Area
Lake Superior’s immense size – covering over 31,700 square miles – makes it incredibly difficult to systematically survey the entire lakebed. Even with advanced sonar technology, covering such a vast area is a time-consuming and expensive endeavor.
Degradation and Burial
Over time, shipwrecks degrade due to the corrosive effects of the water and the physical impact of currents and ice. Many wrecks become buried under layers of sediment, making them difficult to detect. Some are even believed to have been crushed beyond recognition by the immense pressure at the lake’s greatest depths.
Unrecorded Losses
Not all shipwrecks were officially recorded. Many smaller vessels, such as fishing boats or private yachts, may have gone down without a trace, leaving no official record of their loss. Anecdotal evidence and local folklore often hint at the existence of undiscovered wrecks.
The Power of Word of Mouth
Many shipwrecks are found due to local knowledge and stories passed down through generations. Fishermen, divers, and recreational boaters often stumble upon previously unknown wrecks, contributing to the ongoing process of discovery.
The Lore and Legacy of Lake Superior Shipwrecks
These shipwrecks are more than just maritime accidents; they are integral parts of the Great Lakes region’s cultural heritage. They serve as poignant reminders of the dangers faced by those who relied on the lake for their livelihoods and provide valuable insights into the shipbuilding techniques and maritime practices of past eras.
The Edmund Fitzgerald: A Symbol of Tragedy
Perhaps the most famous Lake Superior shipwreck is the Edmund Fitzgerald, a massive freighter that sank in a fierce storm in November 1975, claiming the lives of all 29 crew members. The tragedy became a cultural touchstone, immortalized in Gordon Lightfoot’s iconic ballad, “The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald.” The wreck site, located in Canadian waters, serves as a solemn memorial to the lost crew and a stark reminder of the lake’s power.
Preserving Underwater History
Many of the shipwrecks in Lake Superior are located within protected areas, such as national marine conservation areas or state parks. These protections aim to preserve the wrecks for future generations and prevent unauthorized salvage or disturbance.
Diving the Deep
Diving on Lake Superior shipwrecks is a popular activity, but it is also a challenging and potentially dangerous undertaking. The cold water, strong currents, and limited visibility require specialized training and equipment. However, the opportunity to explore these underwater museums draws experienced divers from around the world.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Lake Superior Shipwrecks
Here are some common questions about shipwrecks in Lake Superior:
FAQ 1: Are all shipwrecks in Lake Superior wooden?
No, while many of the older wrecks are wooden sailing vessels, Lake Superior also contains numerous steel-hulled freighters, tugboats, and other types of ships. The type of vessel depends on the era of its construction and the purpose it served. The transition from wood to steel shipbuilding is well represented in the shipwreck record.
FAQ 2: What is the deepest shipwreck in Lake Superior?
Determining the absolute deepest is difficult without complete lakebed mapping. However, it’s believed some shipwrecks lie in depths exceeding 1,000 feet. The exact identities of these wrecks are often unknown.
FAQ 3: Is it legal to salvage shipwrecks from Lake Superior?
Salvaging shipwrecks in Lake Superior is generally prohibited or heavily regulated. Many wrecks are protected by law and are considered historical or archaeological sites. Unauthorized salvage can result in hefty fines and legal penalties. Preservation is the primary goal.
FAQ 4: What causes the best preservation of shipwrecks in Lake Superior?
The cold, fresh water of Lake Superior is the primary factor contributing to the excellent preservation of shipwrecks. The low water temperature slows down the rate of decomposition, and the lack of salt inhibits corrosion.
FAQ 5: How do researchers find new shipwrecks in Lake Superior?
Researchers use a variety of technologies to locate shipwrecks, including side-scan sonar, magnetometers, and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). They also analyze historical records, maritime archives, and local folklore for clues.
FAQ 6: What is the average depth of the shipwrecks found in Lake Superior?
The depth of shipwrecks varies greatly depending on the location of the accident. Some wrecks are located in relatively shallow water, while others are found in depths of several hundred feet. The average depth is probably somewhere in the hundreds of feet, not accessible to most divers.
FAQ 7: Can I dive on shipwrecks in Lake Superior?
Yes, experienced and certified divers can dive on some shipwrecks in Lake Superior. However, it requires specialized training, equipment, and a thorough understanding of the lake’s conditions. Many dive operators offer guided dives to popular shipwreck sites.
FAQ 8: Are there any underwater parks dedicated to Lake Superior shipwrecks?
Yes, several underwater parks and marine conservation areas protect shipwrecks in Lake Superior. These areas provide access to dive sites while ensuring the preservation of these historical resources. One prominent example is the Fathom Five National Marine Park in Georgian Bay (though not directly on Lake Superior, it’s representative of similar efforts).
FAQ 9: What were the primary cargoes carried by ships that sank in Lake Superior?
The ships that sank in Lake Superior carried a wide variety of cargoes, including iron ore, grain, coal, lumber, and manufactured goods. These materials were essential for the economic development of the Great Lakes region.
FAQ 10: What were some of the most common causes of shipwrecks in Lake Superior besides weather?
Besides severe weather, other common causes of shipwrecks included navigation errors, mechanical failures, collisions, and fires. Human error often played a significant role in many maritime disasters.
FAQ 11: How are the families of those lost on shipwrecks honored and remembered?
Memorial services are often held to honor those lost on Lake Superior shipwrecks. Many communities also erect monuments and plaques to commemorate the tragedies and remember the victims. The Edmund Fitzgerald memorial service is an annual event.
FAQ 12: What resources are available to learn more about Lake Superior shipwrecks?
Numerous resources are available to learn more about Lake Superior shipwrecks, including books, documentaries, museums, and online databases. The Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society is a valuable resource for information and research. Many local libraries and historical societies also have extensive collections of materials related to maritime history.